The Use of the Implantable Doppler Probe as a Blood Flow Monitoring Device in Clinical Settings: A Narrative Review of the Evidence.

OBJECTIVES: In the past decade, the implantable Doppler probe has been studied widely as a blood flow-monitoring device in reconstructive and transplant surgical specialities. Its utility as an effective postoperative monitoring technique is still debatable, with no clear guidelines in clinical practice. Here, we mapped the current evidence on the usefulness of the implantable Doppler probe as a blood flow-monitoring device. The objective was to present an up-to-date assessment of the benefits and limitations of using implantable Doppler probes in clinical and experimental clinical settings. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We conducted a literature search using the Cochrane Library and Healthcare Databases Advanced Search and using implantable Doppler probe, transplant, graft, and flap as key words. The search yielded 184 studies, with 73 studies included after exclusions. We evaluated, synthesized, and summarized the evidence from the studies in tabular form. RESULTS: There is clinical equipoise regarding the effectiveness of implantable Doppler probe as a flow sensing technique. The main reason is the lack of information and gaps in the evidence regarding the benefits and limitations of using implantable Doppler probes in clinical practice. CONCLUSIONS: The implantable Doppler probe has the potentialto be used as an adjunctpostoperativeblood flow-monitoring device. However, keeping in view of technical limitations, its signals should be interpreted alongside traditional clinical assessment techniques to determine the patency of microvascular anastomosis. Although evidence in this review will inform clinical practice in transplant and reconstructive surgical specialties, a prospective randomized controlled study with a larger patient cohort is required to evaluate the effectiveness of this probe in clinical settings.

Comparison of dural grafts and methods of graft fixation in Chiari malformation type I decompression surgery.

Suboccipital decompression with duraplasty is a widely accepted method for treating patients with Chiari malformation type I. However, important details of the duraplasty technique are still controversial. This retrospective study analyzes clinical and radiological outcomes after surgery depending upon the type of graft and methods of graft fixation. Seventy consecutive decompressions with duraplasty were analyzed. Two types of grafts, nonautologous (Non-AutoG; 60.0%) and autologous (AutoG; 40.0%), and two methods of graft fixation, suturing (S; 67.1%) and gluing (G; 32.9%), were used in four different combinations: (Non-AutoG+S: 31.4%; Non-AutoG+G: 28.6%; AutoG+S: 35.7%; AutoG+G: 4.3%) according to surgeon preference. The mean follow-up was 63.4 months. According to gestalt and Chicago Chiari Outcome Scales, satisfactory results were obtained in 72.9% and 78.6% of cases, respectively, in the long term. The outcomes were not related to the kind of graft (p = 0.44), fixation method (p = 0.89) or duraplasty pattern (p = 0.32). Decreased syringomyelia was observed in 88.9% of cases, and no associations with the kind of graft (p = 0.84), fixation method (p = 1) or duraplasty pattern were found (p = 0.96). Pseudomeningocele occurred 5 times more often in the Non-AutoG group than in the AutoG group (52.4% vs. 10.7%; p < 0.05), whereas their formations were not related to the fixation method (p = 0.34). Three cases (12.0%) required reoperation with reduraplasty. Autologous and nonautologous dural grafts can be sutured or glued with similar clinical results; however, the use of nonautologous grafts is linked with a much higher risk of pseudomeningocele formation.

New Graft Insertion Device for Descemet Stripping Automated Endothelial Keratoplasty.

PURPOSE: Corneal endothelial dysfunction is a major indication for corneal graft surgery worldwide, and although surgical intervention through a range of posterior lamellar surgeries has proven to be hugely beneficial, challenges remain. This is especially so where the anterior chamber is relatively shallow, as is often the case in the Asian population, though not exclusively so. In this study, we introduce a new insertion device to deliver endothelial graft tissue for Descemet stripping automated endothelial keratoplasty (DSAEK). METHODS: A new surgical tool was designed and manufactured so as to enable a 1-step insertion of corneal graft tissue into the anterior chamber based on a pressure-flow concept, rather than the a pull-through one. This was tested ex vivo to assess endothelial cell damage, and then performed in 12 first-in-human surgeries. RESULTS: Precut DSAEK lenticules implanted in donor corneas ex vivo through the new technique showed that less endothelial cell damage occurs compared with a pull-through technique. Grafts were successful in all patients receiving the new surgery, with no cases of primary graft failure. CONCLUSIONS: The newly developed DSAEK inserter is a simple and useful tool for endothelial graft delivery, lessening intraoperative mechanical stress on the graft tissue.

Mechanical circulatory assist devices: a primer for critical care and emergency physicians.

Mechanical circulatory assist devices are now commonly used in the treatment of severe heart failure as bridges to cardiac transplant, as destination therapy for patients who are not transplant candidates, and as bridges to recovery and "decision-making". These devices, which can be used to support the left or right ventricles or both, restore circulation to the tissues, thereby improving organ function. Left ventricular assist devices (LVADs) are the most common support devices. To care for patients with these devices, health care providers in emergency departments (EDs) and intensive care units (ICUs) need to understand the physiology of the devices, the vocabulary of mechanical support, the types of complications patients may have, diagnostic techniques, and decision-making regarding treatment. Patients with LVADs who come to the ED or are admitted to the ICU usually have nonspecific clinical symptoms, most commonly shortness of breath, hypotension, anemia, chest pain, syncope, hemoptysis, gastrointestinal bleeding, jaundice, fever, oliguria and hematuria, altered mental status, headache, seizure, and back pain. Other patients are seen for cardiac arrest, psychiatric issues, sequelae of noncardiac surgery, and trauma. Although most patients have LVADs, some may have biventricular support devices or total artificial hearts. Involving a team of cardiac surgeons, perfusion experts, and heart-failure physicians, as well as ED and ICU physicians and nurses, is critical for managing treatment for these patients and for successful outcomes. This review is designed for critical care providers who may be the first to see these patients in the ED or ICU.

The use of bi-planar tissue expanders to augment abdominal domain in a pediatric intestinal transplant recipient.

Intestinal transplantation is a well-accepted treatment for SBS. However, patients with SBS often have decreased abdominal capacity, which makes size-matching of donor organs more difficult, thus decreasing organ availability. Reported approaches for addressing this problem include surgically reducing the graft size, leaving an open abdomen for a prolonged period, and cotransplanting rectus fascia as a non-vascularized allograft. Each approach has significant disadvantages. There has been one previous report of tissue expanders used intra-abdominally and two reports of subcutaneous use to increase intra-abdominal capacity prior to transplantation. We report the first use of bi-planar expander placement for this purpose. In our case, a two-yr-old male child with SBS due to malrotation was treated with tissue expanders 10 months prior to intestinal transplantation, thus allowing transplantation of a larger graft with the ability to close the abdomen safely. There were no complications, and the patient is now doing well and tolerating diet off PN. The use of tissue expanders prior to intestinal transplantation is a promising approach for such patients and avoids the morbidity associated with other approaches. This approach requires a multidisciplinary effort by gastroenterology, transplant surgery, and plastic surgery teams.

Trasplante hepático ortotópico: visión global / No disponible

El trasplante hepático ortotópico (THO) es el tratamiento de elección y en muchos casos definitivo de la patología hepática terminal. Desde la introducción de la técnica en España, en 1984, hasta la actualidad la supervivencia en el primer año posterior al THO ha aumentado aproximadamente un 10 %, situándose en el 85,9 % (1). Dicho aumento de la supervivencia se asocia a mejoras en la técnica quirúrgica, en el tratamiento inmunosupresor y en los cuidados perioperatorios. Es por tanto crucial, para asegurar la supervivencia y la calidad de vida de los pacientes sometidos a THO el conocimiento de todos los factores que pueden interferir en la evolución del injerto. Entre ellos se encuentran la indicación del THO, el estado basal de los pacientes antes del THO, la técnica quirúrgica y las distintas fases del THO, el tratamiento inmunosupresor y las probables complicaciones posoperatorias tanto precoces como tardías (AU)

Orthotopic liver transplantation (OLT) is the treatment of choice and in most cases the definitive treatment in end-stage liver disease. Since the introduction of the technique in Spain, in 1984, to the present day survival in the first year after OLT has increased approximately 10 %, reaching 85.9 % (1). This increase in survival is associated with improvements in the surgical technique, immunosuppressive therapy and perioperative care. In order to ensure the survival and quality of life of patients undergoing OLT it is crucial to know all factors that may interfere with the graft outcome. These include indication for OLT, preoperative state of patients, surgical technique and phases of OLT, immunosuppressive therapy and postoperative complications (AU)

Evolución del diámetro iliaco tras resección de aneurisma aórtico e interposición de injerto aorto-aórtico / Follow-up of iliac diameter in patients after open abdominal aortic aneurysm repair with an aorto-aortic prosthetic graft

Introducción: Los aneurismas de arteria iliaca después de la reparación de un aneurisma aórtico abdominal (AAA) son poco comunes y no se ha protocolizado el seguimiento del diámetro iliaco. Objetivo: Evaluar la evolución del tamaño de las arterias iliacas mediante eco-doppler en pacientes intervenidos de AAA e interposición de injerto recto. Material y métodos: Estudio transversal de pacientes intervenidos de AAA entre enero de 1999 y marzo de 2008 a los que se les realiza un eco-doppler para valorar el diámetro de las arterias iliacas. Se recogen 45 pacientes. Variables estudiadas: diámetro iliaco preoperatorio (angio-tomografía computarizada) y postoperatorio, así como factores de riesgo vascular y comorbilidades. Se realizan las pruebas de la t de Student, Chi 2 y tablas de supervivencia. Resultados: Media de edad: 69 años (desviación estándar [DE] 6,8). Seguimiento medio: 4,5 años (DE 1,89). Tamaño preoperatorio medio de arterias iliacas: 13 mm (DE 0,45), en el seguimiento: 17 mm (DE 0,52), p = 0,001. Un 19 % de las iliacas presentó crecimiento durante el seguimiento. Se observó un menor crecimiento en pacientes con diabetes mellitus (0/24 %, riesgo relativo [RR] 0,76; intervalo de confianza [IC] 95 %: 0,7-0,9). No se ha podido determinar una correlación tiempo/crecimiento. Ningún paciente precisó tratamiento durante el seguimiento. Conclusión: Aunque en nuestra serie se demuestra un crecimiento significativo durante el seguimiento, no está justificado un protocolo de seguimiento ecográfico de arterias iliacas en este contexto por la baja/nula necesidad de tratamiento quirúrgico posterior(AU)

Introduction: Iliac artery aneurysms are uncommon and there is current no protocol for the follow-up. Aim: To evaluate the progress of the diameter of the iliac arteries by echo-doppler in patients undergoing abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) open repair with an aorto-aortic prosthetic graft. Material and methods: A cross-sectional study of patients undergoing AAA between January 1999 and March 2008, on whom an echo-doppler was performed to assess the diameter of iliac arteries. A total of 45 patients were included. The variables studied were: pre- and post-operative iliac diameter (angio-computerized tomography), vascular risk factors and comorbidities. Student t test, Chi-square test were performed and survival tables constructed. Results: The mean age was: 69 years (SD 6.8). Follow-up: 4.5 years (1.89). Preoperative mean size of iliac arteries: 13 mm (0.45), follow-up: 17 mm (0.52), p = 0.001. Overall, the diameter increased in 19 % iliac arteries during growth monitoring. There was a lower expansion rate in diabetic patients (0 %/24 %, relative risk [RR] 0.76, 95 % confidence interval [CI]: 0.7-0.9). We were unable to determine a time/expansion rate correlation. No patient required a repeat operation during the follow-up. Conclusion: Although our series showed a significant growth, the iliac arteries ultrasound follow-up is not justified, in this context, due to the low/no need for a subsequent surgical procedure(AU)

Manejo quirúrgico actual de la enfermedad de le Peyronie grave / Current Surgical Management of Severe Peyronie’s Disease

OBJETIVO: Informar sobre los principios de la cirugía reconstructiva de diferentes deformidades del pene causadas por la enfermedad de Peyronie: restauración de la longitud, perímetro y forma con o sin implante de prótesis de pene.MÉTODOS: En el período comprendido entre febrero 2007 y marzo de 2009, se realizó cirugía con par-che por enfermedad de Peyronie en 98 pacientes con edades comprendidas entre 24 y 72 años (media 52 años). Las deformidades en el pene eran diferentes: curvatura dorsal en 54 (55%) pacientes, lateral en 7 (7%), ventral en 11 (11%), y curvatura combinada en 21 (21%); 24 pacientes presentaban estrechamiento en el cuerpo cavernoso (reloj de arena) (24 %). Cuatro (4%) pacientes presentaban acortamiento de pene aislado, sin otras deformidades, y en dos (2%) pacientes se encontró un estrechamiento cavernoso difuso aislado sin acortamiento. La gravedad de la curvatura varió de 60º- 90º, media 72. Treinta y un (31%) pacientes pade-cían disfunción eréctil asociada. Las opciones quirúrgi-cas para los casos graves de enfermedad de Peyronie fueron: injerto simple en 26 (26%) pacientes, injertos complejos incluyendo incisión circular de la túnica albugínea en 36 (36%), y los mismos procedimientos en pacientes con disfunción eréctil combinados con implante de prótesis de pene en 37 pacientes (38%). La corrección quirúrgica se basó en la medición del defecto de la túnica y el cálculo preciso del tamaño del injerto y la forma. El enderezamiento y alargamiento del pene se logró, mediante la nivelación del lado/s acortados del pene con el más largo (convexo) y el injerto. El ancho del pene se restablece con incisión/es longitudinal/es adicionales e injertos; el ancho del injerto se determina mediante la medición de la diferencia en la circunferencia entre las partes normal y reducida del cuerpo cavernoso. En todos los casos, se utilizó InteXen LP (AMS) como material de injerto(AU)

RESULTADOS: El seguimiento medio fue de 15 meses (6-25). El incremento de longitud del pene fue de 2,8 cm sin prótesis (1,5-4,2 cm) y 3,2 cm (2-4,5cm) con prótesis. En 5 pacientes (<15 grados), la corrección de la curvatura fue insuficiente, debido a que el haz neurovascular fue un factor limitante. Veinticuatro pacientes informaron de hipoestesia y sensibilidad orgásmica reducida que se recuperó espontáneamente al cabo de 3-6 meses. Seis pacientes presentaron una disfunción eréctil de novo y 6 pacientes progresión de la enfermedad. Sólo un paciente con implante de prótesis de pene sufrió infección. El índice de satisfacción general de los pacientes fue del 95%.CONCLUSIONES: La reconstrucción de la túnica albu-gínea completa en la enfermedad de Peyronie puede realizarse como un procedimiento seguro por medio de injertos transversales, longitudinales y circulares con o sin implante simultáneo de prótesis de pene. Se puede lograr, mediante el cálculo geométrico, la longitud máxi-ma del pene, el grosor y la recuperación de la forma, independientemente del tipo de deformidad(AU)

OBJECTIVES: To report the principles of penile re-sculpturing of different deformities caused by M. Peyronie: restoration of penile length, girth and shape with or without penile prosthesis implantation.METHODS: In the period between February 2007 and March 2009, we performed grafting surgery for M. Peyronie in 98 patients aged between 24 and 72 years (mean 52 years). Penile deformities were diferent: dorsal curvature in 54 (55%), lateral in 7 (7%), ventral in 11 (11%), and combined curvature in 21 (21%); associated corporal narrowing was present in 24 patients (24%). Four (4%) patients presented isolated penile shortening without other deformity. Isolated diffuse corporal narrowing without shortening was found in two (2%) patients. Severity of curvature ranges from 60 to 90 degrees, mean 72. Thirty one (31%) patients had associated ED. Surgical options for severe Peyronie’s disease were: single grafting in 26 pts (26%), complex grafting including circular tunical incision in 36 pts (36%), and in patients with ED the same procedures combined with penile prosthesis implantation (37 pts, 38%). Surgical correction was based on measurement of the tunical defect and precise calculation of graft size and shape. Penile straightening and lengthening was achieved by equalizing of shortened penile side/s with the longest one (convex) and grafting. Penile width is reestablished with additional longitudinal incision/s and grafting; graft width is determined by measurement of difference in circumference between normal and narrowed part of the corpora. We used Intexen LP (AMS) as a grafting material in all cases(AU)

RESULTS: The mean follow-up was 15 months (6-25). Mean penile length gain without prosthesis was 2.8cm (1.5-4.2) and with prosthesis 3.2cm (2-4.5cm). Insuficient straightening was in 5 patients (>15 degree) where Neuro Vascular Bundle (NVB) was limiting factor. Twenty four patients reported hypoesthesia and reduced orgasmic sensitivity that recovered spontaneously after 3-6 months. De-novo ED occurred in 6 pts and progression of disease in 6 patients. Infection occurred only in one patient with penile prosthesis implantation. Overall patients’ satisfaction was 95%. CONCLUSIONS: Complete tunical reconstruction in IPP can be performed as a safe procedure by transversal, longitudinal and circular grafting with or without simultaneous penile prosthesis implantation. Maximum penile length, girth and shape restoration can be achieved using geometrical calculation, regardless of type of deformity(AU)

[The reconstructive sequence in the 21st century. A reconstructive clockwork]. / Die rekonstruktive Sequenz des 21. Jahrhunderts. Ein rekonstruktives Uhrwerk.

Mathes and Nahai introduced the conventional reconstructive ladder in 1982 to address tissue defects starting with primary and secondary closure of wounds followed by autologous skin grafting. Regional and local pedicled flaps, tissue expansion and free tissue transfer were further steps. Despite enormous achievements and refinements in these techniques, clinical situations and problems occur beyond the scope of these conventional reconstructive measures. Composite tissue allotransplantation (CTA) of partial faces or of unilateral or bilateral forearms and upper arms, are a novel part of transplantation medicine. The initially reported clinical results are encouraging, especially in light of the initial clinical reports of organ transplantation. However, short and long term problems such as potential tumor induction by immunosuppression and chronic rejection must be taken into consideration. Given the fact that patients receiving CTA have already undergone various reconstructive procedures before, patients often gain tremendous improvement in the quality of life. Robots such as the Da Vinci system for surgeons and the Penelope assistant robot have found their way into the surgical routine. While even microsurgical anastomosis has been accomplished using the Da Vinci system, the total amount of time and resources spent is beyond being practical at present. Regeneration and tissue engineering are of distinct interest in reconstructive surgery. Adipose-derived stem cell transfer is able not only to improve contour defects by volume effects, but also to improve the quality of the overlying skin. Therefore we would propose that these novel techniques, CTA, robotics, regeneration and tissue engineering should be considered as potential future integral cogs in the reconstructive mechanism for the 21st century with the patient being at the centre of the reconstructive efforts.

[Arguments in favor of adipocyte grafts with the S.R. Coleman technique]. / Plaidoyer en faveur de la greffe adipocytaire dans la technique de S.R. Coleman.

The main criticism against fat reinjection procedures is related to whether it is possible to graft adipocytes or not. The ideal solution would be to perform biopsies a few months after the operation to check the evolution of the grafted tissue, but such an approach would be difficult to accept for our patients. To overcome this difficulty the authors have compiled all the arguments that plead in favor of adipocyte grafts when Coleman's technique is used. Peer demonstrated in animal studies that it is possible to graft fatty tissue and that more resorption occurs when the fragments are large in size. The histologic studies have shown that the different stages of Coleman's technique do not alter the viability of the adipocytes. A disorganization of the architecture of the lobules is observed, but this does not compromise the theory of adipocyte grafting. An MRI study, performed on ten patients, demonstrated that the reinjected fat cells persist several months after the procedure. These fat cells presented the same characteristics as the patient's native fat in the surrounding area. This impression was confirmed by histological analysis of the reinjected fatty tissue 18 months after the graft. Finally, the clinical results obtained on over 200 patients treated for various indications in plastic and cosmetic surgery lead us to believe that it is possible to perform grafts of fatty tissue.

Autologous fat grafting: comparison of techniques.

BACKGROUND: Despite more than a century of reporting in the medical literature, controversy still surrounds both the efficacy and longevity of autologous fat transplantation in subcutaneous soft tissue augmentation. OBJECTIVE: To summarize the existing literature relating to the effectiveness of this procedure and to highlight differences in technique that may play a role in reported treatment successes and failures. METHODS: Review of the literature and reporting of authors' observations and results. CONCLUSION: Autologous fat transplantation can be a gratifyingly effective treatment for subcutaneous augmentation that may produce permanent results in some cases. This article aims to clarify some of the differences in technique employed by doctors in this field and aims to enable the reader to better see the subtle, but sometimes important differences in methods used.

Current concepts of fat graft survival: histology of aspirated adipose tissue and review of the literature.

BACKGROUND: Controversy remains about the longevity of correction in autologous fat grafts and its relation to adipocyte survival. Reported long-term fat graft survival rates differ widely, depending on harvesting method, means of reinjection, injection site, and evaluation methods. OBJECTIVE: To demonstrate histologic findings of aspirated adipose tissue and compare the findings to the reports in the literature. METHODS: Review of the literature and the histology of transplanted fat 7 years after subcutaneous implantation and trypan blue staining to determine the vitality of defrosted adipocytes. RESULTS: Fat cells survive aspiration with a suction machine or syringe equally well. Use of a liposuction cannula or 14-gauge needle gives comparable results. Local anesthesia or tumescent local anesthesia is recommended for the donor site, preferably with addition of epinephrine. CONCLUSION: Clinical longevity of correction after autologous fat transfer is determined by the degree of augmentation resulting from the amount of fibrosis induced and the number of viable fat cells. Survival of aspirated fat cell grafts depends mainly on the anatomic site, the mobility and vascularity of the recipient tissue, or underlying causes and diseases, and less on harvesting and reinjection methods.

Membrana amniótica nas cirurgias reconstrutivas da superfície ocular nas ceratoconjuntivites cicatriciais / Amniotic membrane for ocular surface reconstruction in cicatricial keratoconjunctivitis

Objetivo: A membrana amniótica tem se consolidado como útil adjuvante no tratamento de afecçöes da superfície ocular. Sua utilizaçäo baseia-se na capacidade de beneficiar o processo de epitelizaçäo, além de reduzir os processos inflamatórios, angiogênico e cicatricial. O objetivo deste trabalho foi investigar a utilizaçäo da membrana amniótica como adjuvante no tratamento das ceratoconjuntivites cicatriciais. Métodos: A membrana amniótica foi captada a partir de parto cesárea e conservada em meio de preservaçäo de córnea e glicerol 1:1 e conservada à -80 C. Onze olhos de 10 pacientes portadores de ceratoconjuntivite cicatricial grave foram submetidos à cirurgia reconstrutiva da superfície ocular empregando membrana amniótica associada (8 casos) ou näo (3 casos) a transplante de limbo e conjuntiva. Dos 10 pacientes, 3 tinham diagnóstico de síndrome de Stevens-Johnson (SSJ) (4 olhos), 6 queimadura ocular por álcali (6 olhos) e 1 trauma mecânico (1 olho). Resultados: O tempo médio de seguimento foi de 5,22 meses (variaçäo entre 2 e 13 meses). Um caso de SSJ apresentou infecçäo pós-operatória e foi excluído da análise dos resultados. Dos outros 10 casos, obtivemos êxito na reconstruçäo da superfície ocular em 8 casos (80 por cento). Insucesso foi observado em 2 casos de SSJ que apresentavam necrose de córnea no momento da cirurgia (20 por cento). Em relaçäo à acuidade visual, observamos que todos os pacientes apresentaram melhora ou manutençäo da acuidade visual. Conclusöes: O uso de membrana amniótica constitui uma opçäo alternativa de grande utilidade na reconstruçäo da superfície ocular dos casos graves de ceratoconjuntivites cicatriciais que näo estejam apresentando necrose estromal. Estudos com maior casuística e tempo de seguimento säo necessários para melhor avaliar esse procedimento.

Implantable biohybrid artificial organs.

Biohybrid artificial organs encompass all devices which substitute for an organ or tissue function and incorporate both synthetic materials and living cells. This review concerns implantable immunoisolation devices in which the tissue is protected from immune rejection by enclosure within a semipermeable membrane. Two critical areas are discussed in detail: (i) Device design and performance as it relates to maintenance of cell viability and function. Attention is focussed on oxygen supply limitation and how it is affected by tissue density and the development of materials that induce neovascularization at the host tissue-membrane interface; and (ii) Protection from immune rejection. Our current knowledge of the mechanisms that may be operative in immune rejection in the presence of a semipermeable membrane barrier is limited. Nonetheless, recent studies shed light on the role played by membrane properties in preventing immune rejection, and many studies demonstrate substantial progress towards clinically useful implantable immunoisolation devices.

Extracción multiple de órganos para trasplante / Multiple organ procurement

Se describe la técnica clásica de extracción múltiple de corazón, hígado y riñones para trasplantes, la cual permite un mejor aprovechamiento de los donantes frente a la creciente necesidad de órganos. También se presenta la técnica rápida que ha permitido que la intervención de extracción de órganos se realice en un tiempo más breve, no demorando al equipo que realiza la cardiectomía, con esta técnica se puede además utilizar donantes homodinámicamente inestable que antiguamente se perdían